Issue 119

18 Apr: China launched Long March-6A with six Shiyan-27 satellites (SY-27 01~06, 63599-63604) from Taiyuan. According to official sources, the satellites “will be mainly used for space environment exploration and related technology tests”. The 6 satellites are currently grouped closely with one another, time will tell if China plans to orbit them in formation. The satellites are nearly co-planar with Shiyan-6 03 (48157) which China launched in 2021.

Launch Video.

– All 6 satellites are orbiting at an average altitude of ~1,000km and an inclination of 99.7°.

-China left the LM-6A upperstage in an 834 x 990 km orbit at an inclination of 99.7°. The object joins a growing number of large/non-maneuverable debris circling the Earth at 800-900km (see LEOLabs graphic).

– Per Andrew Jones: “SAST stated that Friday’s launch was the first time the Long March 6A used ‘multi-satellite wall-mounted deployment,’ indicating that satellites were mounted around a central load-bearing structure, rather than being stacked vertically. This approach brought increased challenges in terms of satellite-rocket integration, according to SAST.”

– Beyond the launch mounting, China released little information regarding the 6 satellites. Their official statement is very similar to the one they released after the launch of Shiyan-06 03 on 8 April 2021.

-The SY-27 and SY-06 03 orbits are also very similar. SY-06 03 is orbiting slightly lower, at an average altitude of 974km and is inclined 99.5°. SY-06 03 has a RAAN offset of only ~1° compared with the SY-27 satellites.

– China did release information regarding the SY-06 03 mission.

• One of the technologies being tested on the Shiyan-06 spacecraft is a new super-black coating designed to prevent stray light from disrupting optical cameras.
• China’s National Center for Nanoscience and Technology said that the “nanocomposite” dark coating was installed on the Shiyan-06 satellite’s optical system. The dark material is designed to suppress stray light from the sun and Earth and “greatly improve the satellite optical system’s ability to detect dim targets.” The super-black material will absorb 99.6% of ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared light…and has broad application prospects in dim target detection, interstellar navigation, infrared stealth and other fields.” Dim target detection capabilities can aid in tracking other satellites in orbit.

-The orbits of SY-27 and SY-06 03 would support testing the capabilities of SY-06 03 to image the new satellites.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ngf5Zk3giSg

20 Apr: On 16 August 2024 China launched a LM-4B with 9 “Yaogan-41” satellites on-board. The satellites went to a very familiar orbit, 35° inclined and 500km average altitude. Here’s the initial Flash article for context. After about a month China had maneuvered the satellites into a specific formation and were keeping the satellites at nearly the same average altitudes (within 500m) to maintain their relative positions with one another. A few weeks ago, I noticed this changed. Here’s what’s going on…

Chinese space operators have not maintained the SMA of 5 of the 9 Yaogan-43 01 (60458-66) satellites resulting in changing positions between the satellites and an extension of the entire 9 satellite train. Yaogan-43 01A (60458), 01B (60459), 01D (60461), 01G (60464) and 01J (60466) are now orbiting at average altitudes below 495km and ~2km lower than their other YG-43 01 satellites.

From ~11 Sep 2024 through 16 Mar 2025 the 9 YG-43 01 satellites were consistently in the same order: 1) Lead: 01E; 2) Trail1: 01D; 3) Trail2: 01G; 4) Trail3: 01J; 5) Trail4: 01B; 6) Trail5: 01A; 7) Trail6: 01F; 8) Trail7: 01H; and 9) Trail8: 01C. The average time separation between the Lead (01E) and Trail8 (01C) during this time was 31min 09sec. To maintain their relative distances all 9 satellites maintained an average altitude within ~355m of one another. From the available tracking data it appears China spent the first month (16 Aug – mid-Sep) deploying/maneuvering the satellites into the desired order and then spent the next 6 months orbiting within tight parameters, with each of the satellites maintaining its relative position to the satellite ahead and behind. The average altitude for all 9 satellites on 16 Mar 2025 was 496.6km.

The constellation began to change in mid-March as the average altitudes of YG-43 01B, 01D and 01J slid below 496km. In late-Mar/early-Apr YG-43 01A and 01G also had their average altitudes drop below the historical average. Looking at the graphs below it does not appear as if China is actively lowering the satellites, rather China appears to have stopped conducting the necessary station-keeping and the orbits are naturally decaying. The average altitudes continue to decline for all 5 (see graphs).

The order of the YG-43 01 satellites has changed significantly in the past 3 weeks with the satellites flying at lower altitudes steadily moving toward the front of the formation. As of 20 Apr 2025 the satellites are now in the following order (mover satellites in RED): 1) Lead: 01D; 2) Trail1: 01B; 3) Trail2: 01J; 4) Trail3: 01G; 5) Trail4: 01E; 6) Trail5: 01A; 7) Trail6: 01F; 8) Trail7: 01H; and 9) Trail8: 01C. The average altitude for the 5 “mover” satellites on 20 Apr 2025 was ~493.36km; the average for the other 4 satellites was 497.05km.

The time difference between the Lead and Trail8 is now over 49 minutes, up from just over 31 minutes (a 58% increase). Without additional maneuvers, satellites D/B/J/G/A will eventually lap the other satellites.

I can think of a few reasons why China may be re-arranging the YG-43 01 constellation:

• China concluded testing the original order after 6 months and are now re-arranging for further testing.
• China is creating RAAN differential between the 5 mover satellites and their counterparts and operating at different average altitudes is a fuel-efficient way to achieve this (we saw this with 7 “Trail2” YG-35/36 satellites in 2024).
• China is experiencing some anomaly on the 5 mover satellites and is currently unable to maintain their average altitudes. Kepler does the rest.

None of the changes are irreversible, but if the satellites use inter-satellite links these may be affected by the increased distances. Assuming the satellites can maneuver, China can reconstitute the constellation over a period of weeks (days if they maneuver aggressively).

I looked at the YG-43 02/03 (60945-50 & 61617-19) constellation and do not see a similar pattern. All 9 satellites continue to maintain their average altitudes within 0.5km of one another and the time separation between Lead and Trail8 remains within historical averages. Of course these satellites launched later than YG-43 01, with 6x YG-43 02 satellites launching on 3 Sep 2024 and 3x YG-43 03 satellites launching on 23 Oct 2024. The 9 satellites organized into their current order on ~8 Jan 2025. I’ll keep checking in to see if a similar situation develops at the 6 month point (so early Jun 2025).

Then & Now: Comparing YG-43 01 Constellation 14 Mar 25 vs 19 Apr 25 (spacemap42.com)

17 Apr: The Financial Times’ Demetri Sevastopulo reported that Chinese commercial satellite company Chang Guang Satellite Technology Co Ltd (CGSTL) has been supplying imagery to Houthis rebels in Yemen. The report contends that this imagery was then used to target US warships operating in the Red Sea.

-The US has lodged private complaints with the Chinese government. There has been no response from Beijing.

– The Financial Times article did not reveal the type of imagery. The CGSTL constellation of Jilin satellites consists of both electro-optical (maximum resolution 30cm), video, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) (<1m resolution) & hyper-spectral sensors.

– In 2022, CGST announced its goal to put more than 300 satellites in orbit by 2025, more than doubling its earlier plan of launching 138 Jilin-1 satellites.

– Per Andrew Jones:

• “CGST has by far the largest Chinese commercial constellation in orbit. It is one of the most prominent and well-funded of the commercial space companies to have emerged in China since a 2014 policy decision to open up the sector to private capital.”
• Jilin-1 satellites generally deliver panchromatic imagery with a resolution of between 0.50 and 0.75-meters. Other satellites in the constellation have video, multispectral, multipurpose, infrared and other capabilities.

– In April 2022, Asia Times reported “that China had equipped its Jilin-1 commercial Earth observation satellite with AI that allows it to serve as a powerful spy platform, achieving a 95% precision rate in identifying small objects, seven times greater than the satellite’s previous technology.”

– In 2023 the US sanctioned CGSTL for providing imagery support to Russia’s paramilitary Wagner Group. The China Space Monitor reported that CGSTL sold two of its on-orbit Jilin-1 GF03D series satellites to Wagner Group. These satellites are capable of collecting 0.75m full color imagery or 3m hyperspectral imagery. The transaction reportedly took place in November 2022.

From Blaine Curcio on Linked In:

• A challenge with sanctioning companies: once they’re sanctioned by the US, they have no reason to care what the US thinks.
• CGSTL has notably struggled to recoup their massive investment of launching ~150 satellites, so presumably selling to such a group (who have few/no other options for EO data suppliers) is a decent business for them (h/t to Filip Kocian for this last point).

Way back in Feb 2020, the Northrup Grumman Mission Extension Vehicle (MEV)-1 (44625) docked with Intelsat 901 (26824) in a “graveyard” orbit above GEO and maneuvered the satellite back into service. 5 years later, MEV-1 support to Intelsat 901 has ended. On ~30 Mar 2025, MEV-1 began to increase its average altitude and carried along with it the Intelsat 901 satellite. Once reaching their desired orbit 414.5km above GEO, MEV-1 undocked with Intelsat 901 on 4 Apr 2025. Intelsat 901 will now be decommissioned while MEV-1 seems headed for another customer. Watch Intelsat Mission Video. Watch Northrup Grumman Docking Video.

– As of 16 Apr, MEV-1 remains in supersynchronous GEO orbit at 110°W longitude and drifting west at 5.24°/day.

– Per FCC filing, MEV-1 should be heading to Australia’s Optus D3 (35756).

– Optus D3 is currently at 156.1°E longitude. Barring any additional maneuvers from either satellite, MEV-1 will arrive at Optus D3’s location on ~04 May 2025.

– Prior to docking with Optus D3, MEV-1 will need to conduct some plane matching maneuvers to match D3’s inclination and RAAN.

• Friend of the Flash, Jim Shell, estimates MEV-1 will require at least 40 m/s of delta V in order to RPO and dock with Optus D3.
• I asked Jason Dean run through the math and estimate the fuel required to maneuver MEV-1 from its current orbit & plane match with Optus D3. He came up with a minimum delta V requirement of 45.9m/sec. See next 2 pages for the details!

– Intelsat 901’s future seems far less exciting. After operating for nearly a quarter-century the satellite could spend the next million+ years in orbit before eventually re-entering the Earth’s atmosphere.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qwRXF-JkagUhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pHrxDGafnV4

I thought the potential MEV-1/Optus D3 RPO provided an ideal opportunity to run through the math required to determine fuel/energy requirements to conduct such an operation. So I passed the basic orbital information to my Integrity ISR colleague Jason Dean and he did the rest! Bottom Line: MEV-1 will require ΔV (fuel) of 45.9 m/sec to plane-match and RPO with Optus D3.