Issue 125

5-20 July: SJ-21 (49330) and SJ-25 (62485) likely docked with one another on 2 July. As noted previously the two satellites entered into merge conditions on 2 July and remain in that condition through the time of this report (20 July). The Joint Commercial Operations Cell (JCO) has noted the two docked satellites have made slight maneuvers over the past 2 weeks. The timeline for China’s refueling experiment is unknown. In the near future I’ll be looking for separation of the two satellites and subsequent maneuvers. To conduct future operations with either satellite will likely require China to make fuel-intensive plane change maneuvers to service/observe other satellites in the GEO belt. Conversely, if China has no future plans for either satellite they would be able to increase the average altitude of both to place them into a “graveyard” orbit.

20 Jul: China launched a Long March-4C with the Shiyan-28B 01 (64753) satellite Xichang on 3 Jul 2025. According to official sources, the satellite entered the desired orbit and “will be mainly used for space environment detection and related technical experiments”. On about 10 July, the 18 Space Defense Squadron (SDS) cataloged SY-28 01B in low earth orbit, with an unusual inclination of 11° (a first for Chinese satellites). Launch Video.

– Based on the LM-4C’s launch orientation observers had predicted the often used 35° inclination. However, the 18 SDS identified SJ-28 01B in an orbit of 794 x 796km with a significantly lower inclination of only 11°. To achieve this inclination the LM-4C third stage likely performed a dogleg maneuver during its ascent, changing direction mid-flight. Jonathan McDowell noted that the Long March 4C “second stage probably put the third stage in a 28° trajectory from Xichang, and two stage 3 burns were made to reduce inclination to 11°.”

– SJ-28 01B’s mission remains unclear.

20 Jul: As noted in the 6 Jul Flash, Russia released a sub-satellite from Cosmos 2558 on June 26. The 18 Space Defense Squadron cataloged the sub-satellite as “Object C” (64627).

Russia maneuvered Object C at least twice between 6 July and 20 July. Between 8-10 July Object C decreased its average altitude 16km (I believe there was a spurious sensor return showing a larger maneuver than actually occurred). Then from 10-11 July Russia increased Object C’s average altitude 33.7km.

Object C currently has an average altitude of 453.3km. Cosmos 2558 has not maneuvered since mid-April 2025 and continues to lose average altitude which is now down to 449.4km.

While the intended purpose of the Object C maneuvers remains unknown, with its new orbital parameters Object C had a point of closest approach with USA 326 of 58km on 19 July. Prior to the maneuvers the POCA between the two objects was ~76km. Due to orbital mechanics the Object C and USA 326 will have a POCA every 7 days. For the 19 July POCA lighting conditions were marginally favorable for USA 326 to image Obj C.

Stephen Clark of Arstechnica (and friend of the Flash) recently published a great article describing recent Russian counter-space launches and operations. Highly recommended reading!

Editor’s Note: USA 326 orbital information is from the McCants Catalog & current as of 18 July 2025.

5-20 Jul: Russia has conducted Rendezvous & Proximity Operations (RPO) between Cosmos 2589 (64467) and its Object D (64527) sub-satellite. It appears Object D conducted the majority of the maneuvers which resulted in a point of closes approach of <5km (may have been <1km) on 18-19 July. The two objects were close enough that ground based observers were no longer able to discriminate between them. Watch Video from s2a systems.

– Background:

• As noted in the 23 June Flash, Russia launched an Cosmos 2589 from Plesetsk on an Angara-5 rocket equipped with a Briz-M upper-stage on 19 June. The launch placed Cosmos 2589 into a highly eccentric orbit with an apogee of 51,200km and a perigee of 20,374km. The orbit is oriented to ensure that the spacecraft remains over Russian territory. (see graphic)
• On 26 June Cosmos 2589 released a sub-satellite, Object D. As noted in the 8 July Flash, Russia has maneuvered both Cosmos 2589 and Object D. Cosmos 2589 is suspected to be an inspector satellite with links to the same Russian companies responsible for the Nivelir inspection satellites (see previous Cosmos 2558 article).

– Recent Maneuvers

• 5-7 July: Cosmos 2589 last observed maneuver. Decreased its average altitude ~19km.
• 11-12 July: Object D increases average altitude 53.6km. Maneuvers also affect RAAN and Argument of Perigee.
• 15-16 July: Object D decreases average altitude 59.5km. Maneuvers also affect RAAN and Argument of Perigee.
• 16-20 July: Object D conducts several minor maneuvers to close distance with Cosmos 2589. Observations note Point of Closest Approach of <1km on 19 July.

Editor’s Note: There is some confusion over the naming convention of 64527. I’m calling it “Object D” as this is the name listed in Celestrak.org and in spaceaware.io. However, other sources refer to 64527 as “Object C.”

– More Notes:

• There was some excellent analysis of the advantages of what some are calling “super Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit” (super-GTO). Cosmos 2589 and Object D are currently in super-GTO. Here are some excerpts from Meidad Pariente. Read his full explanation here.
  • Regular GTO (Geostationary Transfer Orbit) has an apogee around 35,786 km, which is the altitude of geostationary orbit (GEO).
  • Super-GTO pushes the apogee higher, often above 60,000 km. (Cosmos 2589/Obj D are at 51,200km)
  • Why is Super-GTO more efficient?
    • Inclination changes are cheaper at higher altitudes!
    • Inclination changes are made at the orbit nodes (Ascending – crossing the equator from south to north, or Descending – crossing the equator from north to south). At higher altitudes, satellites move more slowly. This slower speed means changing their direction (inclination) requires less energy. So, by placing a satellite into a Super-GTO, we can perform inclination changes more efficiently, saving fuel.
  • Lower Delta-V for Final Orbit Insertion
    • When a satellite is in a Super-GTO, its velocity at apogee is lower (~800 m/sec slower). This slower speed means that when the satellite performs its final burn to reach GEO, it requires less energy (delta-V), which translates to reduced fuel consumption.
  • Reduced Radiation Exposure & Extended Satellite Lifespan
    • All-electric satellites take months to reach GEO. By starting from a higher orbit, they spend less time passing through the Earth’s radiation belts, reducing exposure and potential damage.
    • The reduced radiation exposure protects the satellite and extends its operational life. For instance, SES-8 saved about 6 years’ worth of station-keeping fuel by using a Super-GTO.
• In Summary: Launching a satellite into a Super-GTO allows for more efficient orbital maneuvers, reduces fuel consumption, and protects the satellite from harmful radiation, leading to a longer operational lifespan. It’s a smart strategy, especially for missions where fuel efficiency and satellite longevity are priorities.

 

Editor’s Comment: Privacy might be another advantage for Russia to operate Cosmos 2589 and Object D in “Super-GTO”. Performing RPO outside of the GEO belt also means being thousands of kilometers away from Chinese and American GEO inspector satellites the vast majority of the time. Cosmos 2589/Obj D do cross the GEO belt twice a day but the imagery collection opportunities will be short-lived and potentially more challenging to obtain favorable lighting conditions.

 

Final Thoughts: This story continues to evolve. We can safely say that Cosmos 2589 is, in-fact, some sort of satellite inspector (at the very least). It remains to be seen if Cosmos 2589 will eventually maneuver to join the GEO belt or remain in super-GTO indefinitely (my guess is the former). Russia may intend to conduct its RPO experiments with Object D for the first few months and then transition to a new phase of operations targeting other satellites for inspection. We do not know if Object D is the only sub-satellite on-board Cosmos 2589. We live in interesting times.

This is the first of 3 articles I wish to share with you about the XSS-11 space experiment mission that occurred April 2005 to December 2006 in Low Earth Orbit (LEO). XSS means EXperimental Satellite System. It was an Air Force Research Laboratory (Kirtland AFB, where their Space Vehicles Directorate resides) developed mission to experience and experiment with rendezvous and proximity operations technologies and concepts in space using a small uncrewed/robotic spacecraft. It was the second in a series of XSS spaceflights planned by AFRL. In this first article, I will introduce the motivation for doing such a demanding, exciting, and eye-opening space experiment over a 1.5-year period. I will tell you about a short duration space experiment called XSS-10 that flew in 2003.It was a big step towards understanding micro-satellite RPO.

 

In preparing this XSS-11 review, I reflected to when I was the Space Vehicles Directorate’s Space Experiments Division Chief 2000-2001. I had a cadre of space technology dynamos who were driven to advance space technology and push to get promising space technology and concepts into space for experimentation. I want to introduce you to two of my mentors then. One of my dearest friend and mentor in the space business. His name – A. Clark Keith III, we called him Clark. He passed away May 2013 after a brave battle with cancer. I knew Clark since 1989 when I served my first assignment with then Phillips Lab. He was the “Gene Kranz” of the XSS-11, the Flight Director and much more including creator, innovator, and teacher. If you visit AFRL-Kirtland and go to the high bay of the big Aerospace Engineering Facility you will see in 2017 the high bay spacecraft area was named after him. A well-deserved honor. Another friend and mentor was Harold V. Baker, he went by Vern. Vern passed away March 2025. Vern was the XSS-11 Program Manager. He was determined and relentless. You needed a project leader like Vern to keep “daring greatly” (see Teddy Roosevelt’s “Dare Greatly” quote of 1910) and get hardware to space to shake it out and learn via experimentation. He was always kind to me. If I was off base on some topic or concept, he would share a grin or a “Vern scowl” and help me course correct, or engage in a fun-filled chat. I salute Clark Keith and Vern Baker and though there are many, many more amazing folks, I wanted to up front give them a shout out. Both took time before, during and after the flight of XSS-11 to share their thoughts as to where this RPO-thing might go. They were way ahead of the game! I thank them for being my friends and mentors.

Have you noticed via open press, there sure is a lot of rendezvous and proximity operations going on “out there,” Including some docking too. Hooray for all of it, I love RPO and docking (RPOD!) The Chinese and Russians sure are keeping the USA and her amazing astro smart Guardians (and others like out Intel folks) on the ball and attentive to their activity in LEO and GEO. In the past 5 years or so (maybe earlier), our adversaries really seemed to get rocking and rolling in the RPO on-orbit experiment operations. In my opinion, they are experimenting and then proving out operations concepts, I base this on open press articles by many experts and very competent writers. Well before this current hey-day in LEO RPO, in the late 1990’s, people like Clark and Vern and a fellow named Thom Davis, Program Manager for the first XSS mission called XSS-10, were championing space experiments to fly and test out RPO techniques using XSS small and very capable satellites. I saw their passion and dedication first hand.

 

RPO is not new to me. In 1982, I learned about RPO at Johnson Space Center, taught by a wonderful mentor named Chirold Epp. He showed the math, detailed the relative motion odd trajectories of RPO, and gave me an assortment of workbooks to study. I was hooked and educated by an amazing teacher. RPOD was on display in the Space Shuttle program with many RPOD missions to rescue pooped out satellites and missions to construct the ISS. The AFRL visionaries saw potential to do RPO for military purposes and tasks like spacecraft servicing and refueling. Clark and Vern and Thom were key visionaries, not the only ones. It was fun to watch and listen to Clark explain the concepts of RPO and kick in to teacher mode. They saw the military utility of a little spaceship with sensors, propulsion, cameras, and stuff like that maneuvering to fly-by something we were curious about or cozy up near it and fly formation to check things out (hey, that’s proximity ops). There was a lot of analysis and simulations, but we needed to “Just Do It.” They introduced to senior leaders and young ops center crewmembers the Clohessey-Wiltshire relative motion math, described RPO trajectories of a “chaser” in the vicinity of a “target” (relax, it is just terms for my discussion) and showed things like linear drift (think Ten One Rule!), natural motion circumnavigation, and forced motion station keeping. All using an XSS that would be designed, built, and flown with limited budget.

 

Long before the current RPO excitement we see playing out, the Air Force and folks like Clark, Vern and Thom and many others in the space lab arena (government and industry) saw the utility of RPO and set a course to go do space experiments and demonstrations. They and their fellow XSS-11 shipmates would overcome some challenges and would get to fly 2005-2006, but first there was an opening act in the RPO space experiment game. Read on, let us see what retired Lt Col Thom Davis had in mind!

In 2003, a short but very significant 1-day mission called XSS-10 hitched a ride on a Delta-II rocket lofting a GPS satellite. It jumped off once the GPS was clear and did a 24-hour RPO “dance” with the Delta II upper stage. XSS-10 was a small 65-pound spacecraft. The program manager was Thom Davis, a retired Air Force Lt Col. XSS-10 was to be the first in a series of XSS space experiment missions and was intended to demonstrate operational concepts and technologies relating to close-in satellite inspection operations. The XSS-10 was launched from Cape Canaveral on 29 January 2003. Eleven orbits later the XSS-10 ejected from the orbiting Delta second stage and successfully completed a series of semi-autonomous maneuver and inspection operations using the Delta second stage serving as a resident space object of interest. Operating autonomously, on a preplanned course, XSS-10 performed its mission of navigating around the Delta II second stage. Autonomously navigating around the second stage, at preplanned positions, the microsatellite took images of the second stage and sent them back in real time. Program Manager Thom Davis’s 18-page after mission report captures the history, team, design, on-orbit operations, and lessons of this “first out of the chute” XSS space experiment mission.

 

Here’s the link to his XSS-10 paper, it is a great read and sets the stage for XSS-11: https://repository.gatech.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/86fe39c2-f1a6-429e-a900-ce238153aea7/content

 

I spoke with a young man who back then was an Orbital Analyst at the Kirtland AFB space operations center. He asked I leave his name out, but rest assured, he’s real and would go on to be a member of the XSS-11 team and further move onto many other exciting space missions advancing RPO concepts and more. ”I watched images streaming down from XSS-10 and thought this has amazing military utility and value.” His passion was noticed and he was selected to be a member of one of the earliest RPO teams. As part of that team, he was able to support the XSS-11 mission operations team, helping them grow experience in this exciting field.

 

We will end here and I will forecast what I will describe in the next XSS-11 article. Let us meet the team, a gathering of government and contractor partners who would build the XSS-11 and plan an exciting 1+ year RPO test mission on-orbit. We will learn more about the “little spaceship that could” XSS-11 spacecraft. A small but mighty ship with dedicated Air Force and contractor space folks at the helm as they put the spacecraft though it’s paces on-orbit. Long before the current RPO activity on display “out there,” a small team “dared greatly” to tackle RPO with their micro-satellite and experience the challenges of RPO and expand the depth of understanding of this capability. Until next time, let’s keep an eye on RPO happenings “out there.”