Issue 147

Barrage: China Conducts 4 Qianfan Launches in 9 Days

China ran four Qianfan (SpaceSail) launches in nine days, including the debut of the Long March-12B. Across 12 Qianfan launches to date, seven have used the LM-6A (Taiyuan), four the LM-8 (Wenchang), and one the LM-12B (Jiuquan).

— the four Qianfan launches (LM-12B, LM-6A, LM-8, ZQ-2E)

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Table 5. The 9-day Qianfan barrage.

DateVehicleSitePayloadNotes
1 JunLM-12BJiuquanQianfan 163–164 (“Group 8”)LM-12B debut; no recovery test; co-planar w/ Group 5
4 JunLM-6ATaiyuan18 sats (“Group 11”)Fills the last empty plane
5 JunLM-8Wenchang18 sats (“Group 12”)Not cataloged as of 14 Jun
9 JunZQ-2EDTC-01 + China Mobile 02Test sats, 400 km / 55°; excluded from counts

The LM-12B released Qianfan 163/164 at ~1,034 km — only 35 km below the 1,069 km operational orbit and far higher than the typical ~810 km of LM-6A/LM-8 launches, shortening the climb. Group 5 had lost two of 18 to its operational altitude, and 163/164 may serve as replacements. Less encouraging: the LM-12B left its spent upper stage (69327) in a 732×1,022 km orbit that, per Dr. Darren McKnight of LEOLabs, will decay over the next “200–400 years.” The Group 11 upper stage similarly sits in a 773×631 km orbit.

New design detail (via “China in Space”)

Each Qianfan satellite is believed to weigh ~300 kg in a flat-pack design with a single solar array, stacked in two parallel columns to maximize fairing packing. Each carries an electric Hall-effect thruster burning krypton, producing 20 mN of thrust at a specific impulse of ~1,385 s.

§ Constellation Summary

All planes are inclined 89° with ~20° RAAN spacing; with Group 11, nine planes are now in use. Of 200 satellites on orbit, 87 have reached the 1,069 km operational altitude.

Table 6. Qianfan groups. (saberastro.com)

GroupCatalogVehicleLaunchedStatus
160379–60396LM-6A6 Aug 202417/18 (Qianfan 7 may be inop)
261552–61569LM-6A15 Oct 20243/18
362238–62255LM-6A5 Dec 202416/18 (39 & 42 inop); co-planar Group 10
462785–62802LM-6A23 Jan 202518/18
563159–63176LM-811 Mar 202516/18 (77 & 83 inop); co-planar Group 8
666033–66050LM-6A17 Oct 202517/18 (101 inop)
768636–68653LM-87 Apr 2026Raising (1,024–1,063 km)
869325–69326LM-12B1 Jun 20262 sats @ 1,034 km; co-planar Group 5
969073–69090LM-612 May 202617/18 raising (137 lagging; 850–880 km)
1069104–69121LM-817 May 2026Raising (825–850 km); co-planar Group 3
1169382–69399LM-6A4 Jun 2026Raising (805–807 km)
122026-125LM-85 Jun 2026Not yet cataloged (14 Jun)
Constellation geometry
200 satellites, 9 active planes, 89° inclination, ~20° RAAN spacing.

Fig. 11. Current Qianfan constellation — plane distribution. (saberastro.com)

Author
Staff Analyst
Collaborators & Sources
Saber Astronautics · nasaspaceflight.com · China in Space